Whole-process individualized pharmaceutical care for a case of melioidosis sepsis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To provide reference for the adjustment of antibiotic treatment regimens， identification of adverse reactions， and individualized pharmaceutical care for melioidosis sepsis （MS）. METHODS Clinical pharmacists participated in the intensive and eradicating therapeutic processes for an MS patient by using blood concentration and gene detection. Based on the literature， antibiotic treatment regimens of MS were adjusted by determining the blood concentrations of β-lactam and trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole （TMP/SMZ） and calculating PK/PD parameters. The causes of adverse drug reactions were analyzed and addressed by detecting drug-related gene polymorphisms through high-throughput sequencing. RESULTS Clinical pharmacists used blood concentration and genetic testing methods to propose adjustments to imipenem-cilastatin sodium dosage and analyze the causes of various adverse drug reactions. PK/PD targets were calculated by measuring the blood concentrations of β-lactam and TMP/SMZ. Clinical pharmacists explained to clinical doctors the compliance status of patients with melioidosis in sepsis and non- sepsis stages through reviewing guidelines and literature； the results of blood concentration and genetic test were used to analyze the correlation of neurotoxicity of MS patients with B14） IMP cmin， and it was found that nephrotoxicity was not related to the cmax of TMP/SMZ， but to the patient’s water intake. After whole-process antibiotic treatment， the patient’s condition improved and was discharged， and the adverse reactions were effectively treated. CONCLUSIONS Clinical pharmacists use blood concentration and genetic tests to assist clinicians in formulating MS treatment regimens， and provide whole-course pharmaceutical care for a MS patient. This method has improved the safety and effectiveness of clinical drug therapy.

Efficacy and safety of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole combined with caspofungin for the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with moderate to severe pneumocystis pneumonia / 中华传染病杂志

Objective:To assess the efficacy and safety of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ) combined with caspofungin for the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)patients with moderate to severe pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) requiring mechanical ventilation.Methods:The clinical data of AIDS patients who admitted to Chongqing Public Health Medical Center from March 1, 2019 to March 1, 2021 with moderate to severe PCP requiring mechanical ventilation were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared between two groups receiving either combination therapy with TMP/SMZ and caspofungin (combination therapy group) or TMP/SMZ monotherapy (monotherapy group). The patients were divided into two subgroups according to the baseline arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2), patients with arterial PaO 2≥50 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) and PaO 2 <50 mmHg. The clinical efficacies of combination therapy and monotherapy in each subgroup were further compared. Chi-square and Fisher exact test were used for statistical analysis. The three-month survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and the three-month survival rates were compared by Log-rank method. Results:A total of 83 patients were enrolled, including 23 in the monotherapy group and 60 in the combination therapy group. There was no significant difference in all-cause hospital mortalities between these two groups (34.8%(8/23) vs 23.3%(14/60), χ2=1.12, P=0.290). Kaplan-Meier survival curves indicated no significant difference in the three-month survival rates between the two groups ( χ2=0.51, P=0.477). There ware no significant differences observed in the positive clinical response rates and the mechanical ventilation rates after seven days of anti-PCP treatment between the two groups ( χ2=0.02 and 0.01, respectively, both P>0.05). In the 52 patients with PaO 2≥50 mmHg, no significant difference in all-cause hospital mortalities was observed between the monotherapy group and the combination therapy group (2/13 vs 25.6%(10/39), χ2=0.14, P=0.704). There was no statistical significance in the three-month survival rates between the two groups ( χ2=0.69, P=0.407). No significant difference was observed either in the clinical positive response rates or the mechanical ventilation rates after seven days of anti-PCP treatment between the two group( χ2=1.02 and 0.69, respectively, both P>0.05). In the 31 patients with PaO 2<50 mmHg, the all-cause hospital mortality in the combination therapy group was 19.0%(4/21), while six of the 10 patients in the monotherapy group died, and the difference was statistically significant (Fisher exact test, P=0.040). The three-month survival rate in the combination therapy group was significantly higher than that in the monotherapy group ( χ2=4.09, P=0.043). There were no significant differences in clinical positive response rate and the mechanical ventilation rate after seven days of anti-PCP treatment between the two group (Fisher exact test, both P>0.05). The overall adverse event rate in the monotherapy group was 87.0%(20/23), with an incidence of 56.5%(13/23) for both electrolyte disturbances and bone marrow suppression. The above incidences in the combination therapy group were 78.3%(47/60), 35.0%(21/60) and 53.3%(32/60), respectively, and all differences were not statistically significant ( χ2=0.34, 3.18 and 0.07, respectively, all P>0.05). Conclusions:The efficacy of combination therapy with TMP/SMZ and caspofungin is comparable to that of TMP/SMZ monotherapy in AIDS patients with moderate to severe PCP requiring mechanical ventilation. However, in AIDS patients with PCP requiring mechanical ventilation with the baseline PaO 2<50 mmHg, the efficacy of combination therapy is statistically superior to that of TMP/SMZ monotherapy. Combination therapy does not increase the risk of adverse events.

INCIDENCE OF TRIMETHOPRIM-SULFAMETHOXAZOLE RESISTANT S. MALTOPHILIA INFECTIONS IN A MEXICO CITY HOSPITAL

Introduction: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a non-fermentative gram-negative bacillus with increasing importance as a multidrug-resistant nosocomial agent. Despite reports of mortality rates between 14 and 69% in patients with bacteremia, the information documented in our environment is minimal. Methods: Descriptive, observational, retrospective and longitudinal study. Outpatients and hospitalized patients were sampled between January 1 and December 31, 2019, from the Centro Médico Nacional siglo XXI. Bacterial growth was evaluated to identify the presence of S. maltophilia. In a total of 7,019 cultures, we observed a frequency of 94 cases of S. maltophilia and in Results: these we identi?ed that 54.5% were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Women were the most affected by this entity with a median age of 54.5 years. Fifty percent of the samples came from intensive therapy and the most frequent site of extraction was the trachea. We identi?ed a higher resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole than that reported in the Discussion: literature (5%), in an organism capable of developing both nosocomial and community-acquired infections, forcing us to suspect its existence as well as a second treatment option in the face of multidrug resistance

Retinocoroiditis toxoplásmica y la evolución del resultado visual en pacientes inmunocompetentes / Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis and the evolution of visual results in immunocompetent patients

Objetivo: Determinar la evolución del resultado visual en pacientes con toxoplasmosis ocular activa. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional prospectivo longitudinal en 101 pacientes inmunocompetentes con toxoplasmosis ocular activa, atendidos en la consulta de Uveítis del Hospital General Docente "Abel Santamaría", desde enero de 2012 a diciembre de 2018. Se evaluaron las variables localización de la lesión, tamaño, número, episodio, grado de inflamación, complicaciones, recurrencia postratamiento y mejor agudeza visual corregida. Se analizaron los resultados utilizando frecuencias absolutas y relativas, la asociación estadística chi cuadrado, las pruebas U Mann-Whitney o Kruskall Wallis, Friedman y de rangos con signos de Wilcoxon. Resultados: Según la localización de la lesión, los resultados visuales inferiores se presentaron en los pacientes con lesiones en zona I y los mejores se obtuvieron cuando hubo afectación en zona III. Se mostró una mejor evolución del resultado visual en los que tuvieron lesiones menores o iguales a un diámetro papilar. Existió diferencia estadística entre los diferentes grados de gravedad de la inflamación, con tendencia al incremento de la mejor agudeza visual corregida en el tiempo, después del tratamiento. Conclusiones: Durante la evolución de los pacientes inmunocompetentes con toxoplasmosis ocular activa se logra mejoría de la visión(AU)

Objective: Determine the evolution of visual results in patients with active ocular toxoplasmosis. Methods: An observational longitudinal prospective study was conducted of 101 immunocompetent patients with active ocular toxoplasmosis attending the Uveitis Service at Abel Santamaría General University Hospital from January 2012 to December 2018. The variables evaluated were injury location, size, number, episode, degree of inflammation, complications, post-treatment recurrence and best corrected visual acuity. Results were analyzed with absolute and relative frequencies, chi-square statistical association, the Mann-Whitney U or Kruskall Wallis tests, the Friedman test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: According to injury location, the lowest visual results were obtained in patients with zone I lesions, whereas the best results corresponded to zone III lesions. A better visual result evolution was achieved in patients with lesions smaller than or equal to a papillary diameter. A statistical difference was found between the various degrees of inflammation severity, with a tendency to an increase in best corrected visual acuity with the passing of time after treatment. Conclusions: Visual improvement is achieved during the evolution of immunocompetent patients with active ocular toxoplasmosis(AU)

Síndrome de DRESS en una paciente con fibrosis quística: reporte de un caso pediátrico / DRESS syndrome in a patient with cystic fibrosis: a pediatric case report

El síndrome de sensibilidad a fármacos con eosinofilia y síntomas sistémicos o síndrome de DRESS según sus siglas en inglés (drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms) se encuentra entre las reacciones medicamentosas cutáneas graves. Este consiste en una tríada clínica que incluye fiebre, exantema y compromiso sistémico, acompañado de eosinofilia y/o linfocitos atípicos.Se presenta el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino con fibrosis quística, de 18 meses de edad, quien desarrolló esta patología durante un tratamiento con trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol para erradicar Staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente en esputo. Los pacientes con fibrosis quística reciben múltiples esquemas antibióticos según bacteriología en secreciones respiratorias para evitar el deterioro de la función pulmonar y colonización por gérmenes resistentes. Es menester conocer y sospechar este síndrome, debido al riesgo incrementado de hipersensibilidad a drogas en fibrosis quística, pronóstico ominoso y su elevada morbimortalidad

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms or DRESS syndrome is among severe cutaneous drug reactions. This constitutes a clinical triad that includes fever, skin rash and systemic compromise, accompanied by eosinophilia and/or atypical lymphocytes.We present the case of an 18-month-old female patient with cystic fibrosis, who develops this pathology during a trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole cycle as an eradicating treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in bronchial secretions. Cystic fibrosis patients receive multiple antibiotic regimens according to bacteriology in sputum, to avoid impairment in their lung function and colonization by resistant germs. Due to the increased risk of drug hypersensitivity in cystic fibrosis, an ominous prognosis and high morbidity and mortality, knowledge and a high index of suspicion of this syndrome are necessary

Laboratory-based surveillance of Shigella spp. from human clinical cases in Colombia, 1997-2018 / Vigilancia por el laboratorio de Shigella spp. aislada de casos clínicos humanos en Colombia, 1997-2018

Abstract | Introduction: Shigellosis is endemic in low-and middle-income countries, causing approximately 125 million episodes of diarrhea and leading to approximately 160.000 deaths annually one-third of which is associated with children. Objective: To describe the characteristics and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Shigella species recovered in Colombia from 1997 to 2018. Materials and methods: We received isolates from laboratories in 29 Colombian departments. We serotyped with specific antiserum and determined antimicrobial resistance and minimal inhibitory concentrations for ten antibiotics with Kirby-Bauer tests following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute recommendations. Results: We analyzed 5,251 isolates of Shigella spp., most of them obtained from stools (96.4%); 2,511 (47.8%) were from children under five years of age. The two most common species were S. sonnei (55.1%) and S. fbxneri (41.7%). The highest resistance rate was that of tetracycline (88.1%) followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (79.3%) and ampicillin (65.5%); 50.8% of isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol, 43.6% to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and less than 1% to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin. In S. sonnei, the most common resistance profile corresponded to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (92%) whereas in S. fbxneri the most common antibiotic profiles were multidrug resistance. Conclusions. In Colombia, children under five years are affected by all Shigella species. These findings should guide funders and public health officials to make evidence-based decisions for protection and prevention measures. The antimicrobial resistance characteristics found in this study underline the importance of combating the dissemination of the most frequently isolated species, S. sonnei and S. ftexneri.

Resumen | Introducción. La shigelosis es endémica en los países de ingresos bajos y medios y ocasiona aproximadamente 125 millones de episodios de diarrea y 160.000 muertes al año, un tercio de los cuales se presenta en niños. Objetivo. Describir las características y los perfiles de resistencia antimicrobiana en aislamientos de Shigella spp. recuperados en Colombia entre 1997 y 2018. Materiales y métodos. Los aislamientos provenían de laboratorios en 29 departamentos de Colombia. La serotipificación se hizo con antisueros específicos de Shigella spp. y, la determinación de los perfiles de resistencia y la concentración inhibitoria mínima de diez antibióticos, por Kirby-Bauer. Resultados. Se estudiaron 5.251 aislamientos de Shigella spp. obtenidos de materia fecal (96,4 %); el 47,8 % de ellos correspondía a niños menores de cinco años. Las especies más frecuentes fueron S. sonnei (55,1 %) y S. ftexneri (41,7 %). Se presentó resistencia a tetraciclina (88,1 %), trimetoprim-sulfametoxasol (79,3 %), ampicilina (65,5 %), cloranfenicol (50,8 %) y amoxicilina-acido clavulánico (43,6 %). La resistencia no superó el 1 % contra cefotaxime, ceftazidima, gentamicina y ciprofloxacina. Para S. sonnei, el perfil de resistencia más frecuente correspondió a trimetoprim-sulfametoxasol, en contraste con S. ftexneri, cuyos perfiles fueron todos multirresistentes. Conclusiones. Los niños menores de cinco años se vieron afectados por todas las especies de Shigella spp., aspecto que los legisladores en salud pública deben considerar a la hora de tomar decisiones en torno a las medidas de prevención y protección frente a esta enfermedad. Las características de resistencia antimicrobiana de los aislamientos de Shigella spp. en Colombia ponen de manifiesto la importancia de combatir la diseminación de las dos especies más frecuentes en casos clínicos, S. sonnei y S. ftexneri.

Loss of tolerance 5 days after discontinuing sulphonamide introduced via desensitization in delayed reaction / Perda da tolerância 5 dias após suspensão de sulfonamida introduzida através de dessensibilização por reação tardia

ABSTRACT The fixed drug eruption is a non-immediate hypersensitivity reaction to drug, characterized by recurrent erythematous or violaceous, rounded, well-defined border plaques, which always appear in the same location every time the culprit drug is administered. The usual practice is to avoid the drug involved and to use a structurally different drug. However, there are situations in which there is no safe and effective therapy. In such situations, desensitization is the only option. We describe the case of a patient who presented fixed eruption due to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, who underwent successful desensitization, but required a repeat procedure twice due to relapse after inadvertent full-dose reintroduction. In non-immediate hypersensitivity reaction to drug, the indication is controversial and there is no technical standardization. Furthermore, the time at which such tolerance is lost after discontinuing the drug involved is unknown. In severe non-immediate reactions of types II and III, desensitization is contraindicated. The patient underwent desensitisation to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim three times − the first with recurrence of lesions and the second and third without manifestations, all concluded successfully and with no premedication.

RESUMO A erupção fixa por drogas é uma reação de hipersensibilidade a medicamento não imediata, caracterizada por placas eritematosas ou violáceas, arredondadas, recorrentes, de bordas bem definidas e que aparecem sempre na mesma localização cada vez que o medicamento culpado é administrado. A prática habitual é evitar a droga envolvida e utilizar um medicamento estruturalmente diferente. Contudo, há situações em que não há terapêutica segura e eficaz. Em tais situações, a dessensibilização é a única opção. Descrevemos o caso de um paciente que apresentou erupção fixa por drogas por sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim, tendo sido submetido à dessensibilização com sucesso, mas necessitou repetição do procedimento duas vezes, por recidiva da reação após reintrodução inadvertida em dose plena. Em reação de hipersensibilidade a medicamento não imediata, a indicação é controversa e não há padronização técnica. Além disso, não se conhece o tempo durante o qual essa tolerância é perdida após a suspensão da droga envolvida. Nas reações não imediatas graves e dos tipos II e III, a dessensibilização está contraindicada. O paciente foi submetido a dessensibilização ao sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim por três vezes − a primeira com recorrência de lesões, e a segunda e terceira sem manifestações, sendo todas concluídas com sucesso e sem uso de pré-medicação.

Pulmonary nocardiosis: Report of two cases from a tertiary care hospital

Pulmonary nocardiosis is an uncommon bacterial infection that may lead to severe disease in immunocompromised patients. The disease is rare in immunocompetent patients. Reported cases are few, and the literature is limited because disease recognition is difficult. We present a case report of two patients of pulmonary nocardiosis, who had different clinicoradiological presentations and also responded differently to treatment. Given the rising incidence of cancer, organ transplantation, and use of parenteral steroids, Nocardia is likely to attain a higher place among the causes of pulmonary infections.

Reporte de un caso clínico de Síndrome de Stevens Johnson por uso de Lamotrigina / Report of a clinical case of Stevens Johnson Syndrome due to the use of Lamotrigine

El Síndrome de Stevens-Johnson (SJS) es una urgencia dermatológica rara pero potencialmente fatal que se diferencia de le necrólisis epidérmica tóxica en el porcentaje de desprendimiento de piel y que amerita tratamiento agresivo que incluya retiro de la medicación que provoca el síndrome, manejo de heridas, líquidos de reanimación, uso de inmunoglobulina y soporte nutricional temprano para impactar en el desenlace final. Entre los factores que se han correlacionado con un peor pronóstico se hallan la edad del paciente, alteraciones hematológicas como trombocitopenia, neutropenia y linfopenia, además de la alteración de la función renal. El caso que reportamos es el de un paciente masculino de 6 años con antecedentes de Trastorno del espectro autista y epilepsia manejado con ácido valpróico que ameritó cambio a lamotrigina por no conseguir el medicamento. El paciente desarrolló una faringoamigdalitis que se manejó con trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol y 4 días después de haber finalizado el antibiótico y 12 días después de haber iniciado la lamotrigina desarrolló el SJS; fue manejado en unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos con hidratación, uso de inmunoglobulina, antibióticos y curación de heridas con evolución favorable permitiendo egreso luego de 19 días

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) is a rare but potentially fatal dermatological emergency that differs from toxic epidermal necrolysis in the percentage of skin detachment and that merits aggressive treatment that includes withdrawal of the medication that causes the syndrome, management of wounds, resuscitation fluids, use of immunoglobulin and early nutritional support to impact the final outcome. Among the factors that have been correlated with a worse prognosis are the patient's age, haematological alterations such as thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and lymphopenia, as well as impaired renal function. The case we report is a 6-year-old male child with a history of Autism Spectrum Disorder and epilepsy managed with valproic acid that warranted a change to lamotrigine for not getting the medication. The patient developed a pharyngotonsillitis that was managed with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 4 days after the antibiotic was finished and 12 days after starting lamotrigine he developed SJS; he was managed in pediatric intensive care unit with hydration, use of immunoglobulin, antibiotics and wound healing with favorable evolution allowing discharge after 19 days

Effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole vs. norfloxacin on fecal E. coli resistance pattern and efficacy in patients receiving prophylaxis for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Background: Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) is an infection of ascitic fluid. It is highly mortal and recurrent condition, so prophylaxis with Norfloxacin (NOR) or Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) seems to play an important role in the prevention of further episodes of SBP. Aims of the study were to assess the effect of TMP-SMX/NOR on the sensitivity pattern of fecal E. coli after long term prophylaxis in Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) and to compare the efficacy of TMP-SMX and NOR in prophylaxis of SBP.Methods: An interventional, prospective, open label, single center study conducted in Maulana Azad medical college, New Delhi, India. 52 patients of SBP or with high risk of SBP were screened and finally 39 patients were recruited. Stool sensitivity testing of fecal E. coli was done and they were divided into TMP-SMX group(n=18) and NOR group(n=21) according to sensitivity. After 45±3 days (7 weeks) their stool sample was re-examined for change sensitivity pattern of E. coli. Efficacy variables like any episode of SBP, fever (FEV) resolution of ascites (ASC), bacteremia (BACT), extraperitoneal infection (EPI), liver transplantation (LT) or death (D) were noted throughout the period of 24 weeks.Results: Resistance developed in 60% vs. 48% in TMP-SMX vs. NOR group(p=0.46) after 45 days of prophylaxis. By the end of 24 weeks, Incidence of SBP (29%vs. 25%, p>0.99), episodes of FEV(P=0.60), EPI(p>0.99), ASC(p>0.99) and death (14% vs. 16%, p>0.99) were almost similar in both the groups (TMP-SMX vs. NOR) respectively.Conclusions: Both TMP-SMX and NOR showed same degree of resistance and found equi-efficacious when administered as long-term prophylactic therapy in SBP. TMP-SMX can be a suitable as well as cost effective alternative to NOR for the prophylaxis of SBP.

Sensibilidad a trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol de Streptococcus pyogenes aislados de infecciones invasivas / Susceptibility of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from invasive infections to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

Se cree erróneamente que los estreptococos del grupo A (EGA) son universalmente resistentes a trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol (TMS). Esto se debe a que la timidina presente en los medios habitualmente usados para determinar sensibilidad in vitro a antibióticos antagoniza el efecto antibiótico de TMS. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la sensibilidad de EGA a TMS, en presencia y ausencia de timidina. A tal fin, fueron analizados 95 aislamientos clínicos obtenidos de tejidos normalmente estériles con infección invasiva por EGA. La pruebas de sensibilidad por difusión con discos de TMS fueron realizadas en agar Mueller Hinton adicionado ya sea con 5% de sangre de carnero (MH-SC) o con 5% de sangre equina lisada (MH-SEL). La sangre equina lisada contiene timidina fosforilasa, que degrada este nucleósido. Como método de referencia se utilizó la epsilometría (Etest). El control de calidad con la cepa Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 fue satisfactorio para ambos medios. La sensibilidad a TMS por difusión fue 100% en MH-SEL; en agar MH-SC 6 (6.3%) aislamientos resultaron resistentes; por Etest todos fueron sensibles, excepto uno de esos seis que presentó sensibilidad intermedia (CIM = 1.5/28.5 μg/ml). En este aislamiento no se encontraron las mutaciones genéticas de EGA más frecuentemente asociadas a resistencia a TMS. Probablemente, si se establecieran mejores puntos de corte para difusión, específicos para EGA, podría optimizarse la correlación con métodos de dilución o con Etest, aun empleando MH-SC.

It is erroneously believed that group A streptococci (GAS) are universally resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS). This is mainly because media commonly used for in vitro determination of susceptibility to antibiotics contain thymidine, a nucleoside that antagonizes the antibiotic effect of TMS. The objective of this work was to determine EGA sensitivity to TMS in the presence and absence of thymidine. To this aim, 95 GAS isolates obtained from clinical tissues with i nvasive infections were analyzed. Susceptibility tests were performed by diffusion with TMS discs in Mueller Hinton agar supplemented either with 5% sheep blood or with 5% lysed equine blood (MH-LEB). Lysed equine blood contains thymidine phosphorylase, which degrades this nucleoside. Epsilometry (Etest) was used as gold standard. Quality controls with Enterococcus faecalis strain ATCC 29212 were satisfactory with both media. A 100% sensitivity to TMS was found in MH-SEL whereas 6 isolates (6.3%) resulted resistant in MH-SC; only one of them was found to have intermediate susceptibility by Etest (MIC > 1.5/28 μg/ml). The genetic determinants most frequently associated to TMS resistant EGA were not found in this isolate. Probably, if more accurate GAS-specific cut-off points were established for diffusion, the correlation with dilution methods or with the Etest could be improved, even employing MH-SB.

Comparison of Spinal Anaesthesia Vs General Anaesthesia for Lower Spinal Surgeries

Background: Both General and Regional anaesthesia can be   used for lower Lumbar Disc surgery but SPINAL ANAESTHESIA is also a better alternative as it is accompanies by less blood loss and haemodynamics instability. Materials & Methods: 60 patients were randomly assigned to receive either General Anaesthesia( GA group) or Spinal Anaesthesia(SA group).  Patients were supplemented with i.v. Propofol sedation in Spinal anaesthesia  group. The values were recorded preoperative, intraoperative & postoperative. HR, MAP, amount of blood less, surgeon Satisfaction were noted. The severity of nausea, vomiting, duration of recovery and total analgesic use was also recorded. Results: Total anaesthesia, surgical time and blood loss is less in spinal anaesthesia group as compared to general Anaesthesia group. Intraoperative hypertension and tachycardia is more in GA group. Surgeon satisfaction and cost effectiveness is more in SA group. Postoperative nausea ,vomiting is more in GA group. Conclusion: Spinal  anaesthesia is better ,safe and economical alternative to general anaesthesia for lower spinal surgery

Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Clindamycin and Trimethoprim - Sulfamethoxazole for Treating Patients with Uncomplicated Skin Infections

Background: The most common bacterial causes of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) are group A Streptococcus (GAS) and Staphylococcus aureus, the key bacterial agents of impetigo, cellulitis, abscesses, and wound infections. Aim of the study: To compare efficiency of clindamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for treating patients with uncomplicated skin infections. Materials & Methods: The study was conducted in the department of general medicine of the Government S.K. Hospital, Sikar, Rajasthan, India. . For the study we selected subjects from the surgical ward of the hospital of the medical institute. The patients diagnosed with uncomplicated skin infection were included in the study. A total of 42 patients were selected for the study. Results: A total of 42 patients were enrolled, 21 in group 1 and 21 in group 2. We observed that clinical cure at 17-20 days was 78.03 % in Group 1 and 74.31 % in group 2. Clinical cure at one month follow up was 71.22% in group 1 and 65.21% in group 2. Clinical cure in adults in group 1 was 76.2% and in group 2 was 74.84%. Clinical cure in pediatrics was 83.29% in group 1 and 79.35% in group 2. Clinical cure rate of abscess for group 1 was 77.96% and for group 2 was 81.21%. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study we conclude that both the drug combinations i.e., clindamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole are equally effective in treating uncomplicated skin infections.

Low Lymphocyte Proportion in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid as a Risk Factor Associated with the Change from Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole used as First-Line Treatment for Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia

BACKGROUND: Trimethoprim/sufamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) is the recommended treatment for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP). However, the efficacy and the safety of alternative salvage treatments are less guarauteed especially when patient experiences treatment failure and/or an adverse drug reactions (ADR). The purpose of this study is to recognize potential risk factors imitating successful treatment with TMP/SMX among PCP patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety one adult patients diagnosed with PCP were included after searching electronical medical records from January 2013 through July 2015 at Asan Medical Center Seoul, Korea. We compared clinical characteristics and laboratory findings including bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid analysis in patients who experienced TMP/SMX treatment failure or ADR (the case group) versus those who did not (the control group). RESULTS: Among the enrolled PCP patients, 39 (42.9%) required salvage treatment owing to either treatment failure (28, 28.6%) and/or ADR (17, 18.7%). The BAL lymphocyte percentage (25% [IQR, 8–40%] vs. 47% [IQR, 15–62%]; P = 0.005) was lower in the case group. Diabetes mellitus (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.98, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.20–18.58), glomerular filtration rate ≤50 mL/min (aOR 4.48, 95% CI 1.08–18.66), and BAL lymphocyte percentage ≤45% (aOR 9.25, 95% CI 2.47–34.58) were independently associated with the case group in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that BAL lymphocyte count may play some role during PCP treatment. Further studies should be followed to reveal what the role of BAL lymphocyte is in the PCP treatment.

Low Lymphocyte Proportion in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid as a Risk Factor Associated with the Change from Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole used as First-Line Treatment for Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia

BACKGROUND: Trimethoprim/sufamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) is the recommended treatment for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP). However, the efficacy and the safety of alternative salvage treatments are less guarauteed especially when patient experiences treatment failure and/or an adverse drug reactions (ADR). The purpose of this study is to recognize potential risk factors imitating successful treatment with TMP/SMX among PCP patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety one adult patients diagnosed with PCP were included after searching electronical medical records from January 2013 through July 2015 at Asan Medical Center Seoul, Korea. We compared clinical characteristics and laboratory findings including bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid analysis in patients who experienced TMP/SMX treatment failure or ADR (the case group) versus those who did not (the control group). RESULTS: Among the enrolled PCP patients, 39 (42.9%) required salvage treatment owing to either treatment failure (28, 28.6%) and/or ADR (17, 18.7%). The BAL lymphocyte percentage (25% [IQR, 8–40%] vs. 47% [IQR, 15–62%]; P = 0.005) was lower in the case group. Diabetes mellitus (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.98, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.20–18.58), glomerular filtration rate ≤50 mL/min (aOR 4.48, 95% CI 1.08–18.66), and BAL lymphocyte percentage ≤45% (aOR 9.25, 95% CI 2.47–34.58) were independently associated with the case group in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that BAL lymphocyte count may play some role during PCP treatment. Further studies should be followed to reveal what the role of BAL lymphocyte is in the PCP treatment.

Frecuencia de la potencial interacción entre trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol y espironolactona por riesgo de hyperkalemia en pacientes colombianos / Frequency of the potential interaction between trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole and spironolactone with risk for hyperkalemia in colombian patients

Resumen Introducción: se ha descrito el riesgo aumentado de muerte súbita y hospitalización por hyperkalemia en pacientes que consumen medicamentos ahorradores de potasio y trimetoprim, motivo por el cual se buscó determinar la frecuencia de la potencial interacción entre espironolactona y trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol en pacientes mayores de 60 años de Colombia. Métodos: estudio observacional. De una base de datos de 3.6 millones de personas se seleccionaron pacientes mayores de 60 años que recibieron espironolactona de manera ambulatoria por al menos tres meses consecutivos y pacientes con prescripción de trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol entre el 1° de agosto de 2014 y 31 de julio de 2015. Posteriormente se identificaron aquellos con prescripción conjunta durante un mismo mes. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas, uso concomitante de inhibidores de sistema renina angiotensina, diuréticos e inotrópicos. Resultados: durante el año de estudio, se encontraron 8941 pacientes mayores de 60 años con prescripción continua de espironolactona, y 8028 pacientes con trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol. Su prescripción conjunta fue detectada en 77 pacientes (0.8% de pacientes con espironolactona), con una incidencia acumulada de 0.86 casos por 100 pacientes-espironolactona/año. La edad promedio de estos pacientes fue 79.1 ± 14 años, 57.1% fueron hombres, y la ciudad con más presentación de casos fue Cali (13% del total). El 68.8% de los casos tuvieron además medicación concomitante con losartan y 62.3% con furosemida. Conclusiones: la interacción entre espironolactona y trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol en una población colombiana, es relativamente poco frecuente; sin embargo, debido a los riesgos a los que se expone el paciente anciano es relevante por sus implicaciones en morbilidad y mortalidad, requiriendo ser conocida y monitoreada por el médico prescriptor. (Acta Med Colomb 2017; 42: 189-192).

Abstract Introduction: The increased risk of sudden death and hospitalization due to hyperkalemia in patients consuming potassium-sparing drugs and trimethoprim has been described. Therefore, the frequency of the potential interaction between spironolactone and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients older than 60 years of Colombia was sought. Methods: observational study. From a database of 3.6 million people, patients older than 60 years who received spironolactone on an outpatient basis for at least three consecutive months and patients with a prescription for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole between 08/01/2014 and 07/31/2015 were selected. Subsequently, those with joint prescription during the same month were identified. Sociodemographic variables, concomitant use of renin angiotensin system inhibitors, diuretics and inotropes were included. Results: During the year of study, 8941 patients older than 60 years with continuous spironolactone prescription, and 8028 patients with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, were found. Its co-prescription was detected in 77 patients (0.8% of patients with spironolactone), with a cumulative incidence of 0.86 cases per 100 patients-spironolactone / year. The mean age of these patients was 79.1 ± 14 years, 57.1% were men, and the city with the most cases was Cali (13% of the total). 68.8% of the cases also had concomitant medication with losartan and 62.3% with furosemide. Conclusions: The interaction between spironolactone and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in a Colombian population is relatively infrequent; however, due to the risks to which the elderly patient is exposed, it is relevant because of its morbidity and mortality implications, requiring to be known and monitored by the prescribing physician. (Acta Med Colomb 2017; 42:189-192).

Ronda clínica y epidemiológica: club de revistas / Clinical and epidemiological round: journal club

RESUMEN En esta edición de la Ronda Clínica y Epidemiológica analizamos cuatro artículos que consideramos importantes para la práctica clínica. El estudio del grupo SPIROMICS busca replantear la necesidad de la espirometría para el diagnóstico de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), especialmente en los pacientes con antecedente de tabaquismo que tienen función pulmonar normal, pero desarrollan desenlaces de enfermedad pulmonar crónica. Borja-Gómez y colaboradores, por otro lado, validan un enfoque sistemático para descartar infecciones bacterianas invasivas en niños febriles menores de 3 meses. El estudio de Talan y colaboradores estima la utilidad del tratamiento antibiótico con trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol, adicional al drenaje quirúrgico, como una estrategia para mejorar la curación de abscesos en piel en una población con alta prevalencia de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina (MRSA). Por último, el estudio del grupo EAT que analiza la introducción de alimentos alergénicos en lactantes a partir de los 3 meses, como una estrategia para proteger contra el desarrollo de reacciones alérgicas alimentarias posteriores.

SUMMARY In this edition of Ronda Clínica y Epidemiológica four articles that we consider important for clinical practice are analyzed. The study by the SPIROMICS group wanted to rethink the use of spirometry for the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), mainly in symptomatic patients with smoking history and preserved pulmonary function, but with outcomes similar to those developed in chronic pulmonary disease. Borja Gómez et al. aimed at validating a step-by-step approach for young febrile infants, in order to discard an invasive bacterial infection. The study by Talan et al. wanted to demonstrate that antibiotic therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, in addition to surgical drainage, was associated with a higher cure rate for cutaneous abscesses compared to placebo in a population with high prevalence of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. Lastly, the EAT study analyzed the early introduction of allergenic foods in breast-fed infants, starting at the age of 3 months, as a strategy to protect them against the development of posterior food allergy.

Utilidad de Trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol en épocas de S. aureus meticilino resistente de la comunidad / Usefulness of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in times of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus.

Trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol (TMP-SMX) tiene actividad in vitro contra cepas de Staphylococcusaureus, en especial las cepas resistentes a la meticilina de la comunidad (SAMR-Co), Éste es considerado un antibiótico útil debido a su bajo costo, amplio espectro y posibilidad de administración por vía oral dada su adecuada biodisponibilidad y sabor agradable. Se realizó esta revisión narrativa de la literatura para evaluar el uso de TMP-SMX en comparación con otras opciones disponibles en el tratamiento de las infecciones por SAMR-Co en niños (AU)

Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) has in vitro activity against Staphylococcus aureus, especially against community-acquired methicillin-resistant (CAMR) strains. It is considered to be a useful antibiotic because of its low cost, broad spectrum, and possibility of oral administration because of its adequate bioavailability and agreeable flavor. A review of the literature was performed to evaluate the use of TMP-SMX compared to available options for the treatment of CAMR infections in children (AU)

A Combination of Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole and Ceftazidime Showed Good In Vitro Activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Background: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen, capable of causing a wide spectrum of infections. Treatment is difficult because it is resistant to many antimicrobial agents, thus reducing the treatment options. The aims of this study were to describe the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and synergistic effect of selected antimicrobial combinations against S. maltophilia isolates. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study undertaken in the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia from April 2011 to March 2012. S. maltophilia isolated from various clinical specimens were included in the study. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using the epsilometer test (E-test) and interpreted according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. In the synergy test, the isolates were tested against six different antimicrobial combinations. Results: In total, 84 S. maltophilia isolates were collected and analysed. According to the E-test, the antimicrobial susceptibility of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), tigecycline, and ciprofloxacin was 100%, 91.1%, and 88.9% respectively. The antimicrobial combination of TMP-SMX and ceftazidime showed the highest synergistic effect. Conclusion: TMP-SMX remains the antimicrobial of choice to treat S. maltophilia infection. TMP-SMX and ceftazidime was the most effective combination in vitro.

Antimicrobial resistance profile of the Aeromonas strains isolated from extra-intestinal specimens in a hospital in Chongqing / 中国感染与化疗杂志

Objective To evaluate the antibiotic resistance profile of the Aeromonas strains isolated from extra-intestinal specimens during 7-year period in a tertiary hospital in Chongqing for appropriate antibiotic treatment.Methods WHONET 5.6 software was used to analyze the clinical data and results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Aeromonas strains to 14 antibiotics according to CLSI breakpoints (CLSI-M45-A3).Results A total of 230 non-duplicate Aeromonas strains were collected from January 2010 to December 2016.The most common species were Aeromonas hydrophila (83.0％) and Aeromonas sobria (14.8％).Majority of the strains were isolated from wound secretion,bile and urine.Overall,46.8％ of the Aeromonas isolates were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole,followed by ceftriaxone (37.0％) and cefuroxime (28.8％).More than 10％ of the strains were resistant to aztreonam,cefepime and ciprofloxacin.More than 90％ of the strains were susceptible to piperacillin-tazobactam,cefoxitin,levofloxacin,gentamicin,amikacin,imipenem and meropenem.Only 4.0％ and 1.7％ of the strains were resistant to imipenem and meropenem,respectively.Aeromonas hydrophila showed higher antibiotic resistance than Aeromonas sobria to all the antibiotics tested except piperacillin-tazobactam,imipenem,and amikacin.None of the Aeromonas sobria isolates was found resistant to meropenem.Conclusions The Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas sobria isolates are the dominant Aeromonas species in Chongqing.The antibiotic resistant profiles vary with Aeromonas species and site of infection.The use of third generation cephalosporins and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole should be cautious in Aeromonas infection due to the high resistance level.